UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATIONS: DATA PACKET SIZE OPTIMIZATION WITH PERFORMANCE METRICS OF THROUGHPUT EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY QUALIFIED UNDER DIFFERENT BIT-ERROR-RATE

The research in designing new underwater acoustic (UWA) routing protocols and UWA media access control (MAC) protocols has spurred up a great interest in the UWA research community. However there are only a handful of research works and publications on UWA channel parameter optimization, notably in the area of data packet size optimization in the context of UWA channel performance metrics and the related energy efficiency issue. At the current situation the author is able to find only a few published works on data packet size optimization for UWA communications in contrast to the similar works in the terrestrial radio wave wireless communications. The author of this dissertation is thus motivated to embark on a research to find an effective mechanism or algorithm to determine the optimal data packet size for UWA data transmissions qualified by two of the UWA channel performance metrics (termed as 2Q), namely throughput efficiency and energy efficiency with respect to various bit-error-rate (BER). This research leads to the construction of various databases based on the two metrics (the 2Qs) under different BER conditions. These databases are to be indexed by the proposed algorithm as a look-up graph (or as look-up table) to determine the optimal data packet size for effective and efficient data transmission in the UWA channel. Extensive simulations were conducted using ns2 network simulator with its embedded MIRACLE packages running on Ubuntu platform

UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC COMMUNICATIONS: DATA PACKET SIZE OPTIMIZATION WITH PERFORMANCE METRICS OF THROUGHPUT EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY QUALIFIED UNDER DIFFERENT BIT-ERROR-RATE

The research in designing new underwater acoustic (UWA) routing protocols and UWA media access control (MAC) protocols has spurred up a great interest in the UWA research community. However there are only a handful of research works and publications on UWA channel parameter optimization, notably in the area of data packet size optimization in the context of UWA channel performance metrics and the related energy efficiency issue. At the current situation the author is able to find only a few published works on data packet size optimization for UWA communications in contrast to the similar works in the terrestrial radio wave wireless communications. The author of this dissertation is thus motivated to embark on a research to find an effective mechanism or algorithm to determine the optimal data packet size for UWA data transmissions qualified by two of the UWA channel performance metrics (termed as 2Q), namely throughput efficiency and energy efficiency with respect to various bit-error-rate (BER). This research leads to the construction of various databases based on the two metrics (the 2Qs) under different BER conditions. These databases are to be indexed by the proposed algorithm as a look-up graph (or as look-up table) to determine the optimal data packet size for effective and efficient data transmission in the UWA channel. Extensive simulations were conducted using ns2 network simulator with its embedded MIRACLE packages running on Ubuntu platform

Classification of Routing Algorithms in Volatile Environment of Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

The planet earth is basically a planet of water with less than 30% land mass available for humans to live on. However, the areas covered with water are important to mankind for the various resources which have been proven to be valuable. Such resources are gas, oil, marine products which can be used as food, and other minerals. In view of the vast area in which these resources can be found, a network of sensors is necessary so that they can be explored. However, sensor networks may not be helpful in the exploration of these resources if they do not have a sufficiently good routing mechanism. Over the past few decades, several methods for routing have been suggested to address the volatile environment in underwater communications. These continue researches; have enhanced the performance along with time. Meanwhile, there are still challenges to deal with for a better and efficient routing of data packets. Large end-to-end delays, high error channel rates, limited bandwidth, and the consumption of energy in sensor network are some such challenges. A comprehensive survey of the various routing methods for the partially connected underwater communication environment are presented in this paper

Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Wireless Sensor Network through the Design of Energy Efficient Routing Protocol

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is known to be a highly resource constrained class of network where energy consumption is one of the prime concerns. In this research, a cross layer design methodology was adopted to design an energy efficient routing protocol entitled “Position Responsive Routing Protocol” (PRRP). PRRP is designed to minimize energy consumed in each node by (1) reducing the amount of time in which a sensor node is in an idle listening state and (2) reducing the average communication distance over the network. The performance of the proposed PRRP was critically evaluated in the context of network lifetime, throughput, and energy consumption of the network per individual basis and per data packet basis. The research results were analyzed and benchmarked against the well-known LEACH and CELRP protocols. The outcomes show a significant improvement in the WSN in terms of energy efficiency and the overall performance of WSN

HERA Collider Physics

HERA, the first electron-proton collider, has been delivering luminosity since 1992. It is the natural extension of an impressive series of fixed-target lepton-nucleon scattering experiments. The increase of a factor ten in center-of-mass energy over that available for fixed-target experiments has allowed the discovery of several important results, such as the large number of slow partons in the proton, and the sizeable diffractive cross section at large $Q^2$. Recent data point to a possible deviation from Standard Model expectations at very high $Q^2$, highlighting the physics potential of HERA for new effects. The HERA program is currently in a transition period. The first six years of data taking have primarily elucidated the structure of the proton, allowed detailed QCD studies and had a strong impact on the understanding of QCD dynamics. The coming years will bring the era of electroweak studies and high $Q^2$ measurements. This is therefore an appropriate juncture at which to review HERA results.Comment: 351 pages, 154 figures, submitted to Reviews of Modern Physic

FCC-ee: The Lepton Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 2

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics, the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched, as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This study covers a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee) and an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), which could, successively, be installed in the same 100 km tunnel. The scientific capabilities of the integrated FCC programme would serve the worldwide community throughout the 21st century. The FCC study also investigates an LHC energy upgrade, using FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the second volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the electron-positron collider FCC-ee. After summarizing the physics discovery opportunities, it presents the accelerator design, performance reach, a staged operation scenario, the underlying technologies, civil engineering, technical infrastructure, and an implementation plan. FCC-ee can be built with today’s technology. Most of the FCC-ee infrastructure could be reused for FCC-hh. Combining concepts from past and present lepton colliders and adding a few novel elements, the FCC-ee design promises outstandingly high luminosity. This will make the FCC-ee a unique precision instrument to study the heaviest known particles (Z, W and H bosons and the top quark), offering great direct and indirect sensitivity to new physics

FCC Physics Opportunities: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 1

We review the physics opportunities of the Future Circular Collider, covering its e+e-, pp, ep and heavy ion programmes. We describe the measurement capabilities of each FCC component, addressing the study of electroweak, Higgs and strong interactions, the top quark and flavour, as well as phenomena beyond the Standard Model. We highlight the synergy and complementarity of the different colliders, which will contribute to a uniquely coherent and ambitious research programme, providing an unmatchable combination of precision and sensitivity to new physics

HE-LHC: The High-Energy Large Hadron Collider: Future Circular Collider Conceptual Design Report Volume 4

In response to the 2013 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics (EPPSU), the Future Circular Collider (FCC) study was launched as a world-wide international collaboration hosted by CERN. The FCC study covered an energy-frontier hadron collider (FCC-hh), a highest-luminosity high-energy lepton collider (FCC-ee), the corresponding 100 km tunnel infrastructure, as well as the physics opportunities of these two colliders, and a high-energy LHC, based on FCC-hh technology. This document constitutes the third volume of the FCC Conceptual Design Report, devoted to the hadron collider FCC-hh. It summarizes the FCC-hh physics discovery opportunities, presents the FCC-hh accelerator design, performance reach, and staged operation plan, discusses the underlying technologies, the civil engineering and technical infrastructure, and also sketches a possible implementation. Combining ingredients from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the high-luminosity LHC upgrade and adding novel technologies and approaches, the FCC-hh design aims at significantly extending the energy frontier to 100 TeV. Its unprecedented centre-of-mass collision energy will make the FCC-hh a unique instrument to explore physics beyond the Standard Model, offering great direct sensitivity to new physics and discoveries